亚麻籽与乳腺癌
本视频由《食疗圣经》作者 Michael Greger 医生于2014年10月22日制作，来自 NutritionFacts.org。
译者前言：今早起床看到读者的留言。她是一名乳腺癌幸存者，最早在公众号后台留言，后来加为好友，她刚开始吃亚麻籽却看到一篇乳腺癌幸存者不能吃亚麻籽的文章，感到害怕和困惑！
我本来也想翻译乳腺癌方面的视频，因为我的亲戚中就有两位乳腺癌幸存者，一位是2期，手术切除一侧乳房。一位是0期，但在医生的恐吓下，医生说如果做局部切除就必须化疗，怕切不干净。为免受化疗之苦，于是将一侧乳房全部切除。
我能感受到她们身心所受之苦和无奈！
Michael Greger 医生关于亚麻籽和乳腺癌的视频制作了好几个，本视频是最新制作，涵盖了以往视频中的精华部分，所以先将此视频翻译出来。
亚麻籽能帮助预防乳腺癌吗？
摘要：摄取亚麻籽可能通过阻断白细胞介素-1的炎症作用而在预防和治疗乳腺癌中起作用。
Michael Greger 医生笔记：
DOCTOR'S NOTE
前半段视频基本上是我以前已经制作的关于亚麻籽和乳腺癌视频的回顾：
The first half of the video is basically just a review of all the flax and breast cancer work I’ve already cover:
亚麻籽与乳腺癌预防（2013.04.05制作）
Flaxseeds & Breast Cancer Prevention
亚麻籽＆乳腺癌生存：流行病学证据（2013.04.08制作）
Flaxseeds & Breast Cancer Survival: Epidemiological Evidence
亚麻籽＆乳腺癌生存：临床证据（2013.04.10制作）
Flaxseeds & Breast Cancer Survival: Clinical Evidence
亚麻籽也可能有助于抵抗男性激素介导的癌症。
Flaxseeds may also help fight hormone-mediated cancers in men.
请观看“亚麻籽与前列腺癌”和“是因为亚麻籽，脂肪限量摄取，或者两者都是？”
See Flaxseed vs. Prostate Cancer and Was It the Flaxseed, Fat Restriction, or Both?
还有哪些是这些可爱的亚麻籽（比喻成可爱的小狗）可以做到的？请观看：
What else can these puppies do? See:
亚麻籽 vs. 糖尿病
Flaxseeds vs. Diabetes
亚麻籽与敏感肌肤
Flax Seeds for Sensitive Skin
亚麻籽与乳房涨痛
Flax Seeds for Breast Pain
我还有另外100多个视频是关于乳腺癌的，如果你想成为这方面的专家的话，并帮助照顾你自己或/和你生活中的女性。以下是几个近期制作的，你可以开始看看：
I have another 100+ videos on breast cancer if you want to become an expert and help take care of yourself and/or the women in your life. Here’s a few recent ones to get you started:
纤维 vs. 乳腺癌
Fiber vs. Breast Cancer
乳腺癌与酒：喝多少酒才是安全的？
Breast Cancer and Alcohol: How Much Is Safe?
乳腺癌生存蔬菜
Breast Cancer Survival Vegetable
BRCA乳腺癌基因与大豆
BRCA Breast Cancer Genes and Soy
胆固醇喂养乳腺癌细胞
Cholesterol Feeds Breast Cancer Cells
乳腺癌与便秘
Breast Cancer and Constipation
https://v.qq.com/txp/iframe/player.html?vid=i1337k2fzdj&width=500&height=375&auto=0
基于这样的研究，我曾经讨论过饮食中的木脂素在降低乳腺癌风险和改善乳腺癌生存方面的作用，这些研究表明，吃的含有最多木脂素的乳腺癌患者似乎活得更长，但木脂素存在于整个植物王国 — 种子，全谷物，蔬菜，水果，浆果 — 我们怎么知道木脂素只不过是摄入非精制植物食品所带来的好处呢？
I’ve previously discussed the role of dietary lignans in the reduction of breast cancer risk and improvement in breast cancer survival, based on studies like this that showed that women with breast cancer who ate the most lignans appeared to live longer, but lignans are found throughout the plant kingdom — seeds, whole grains, vegetables, fruits, berries — so how do we know lignans weren’t just a marker for the intake of unrefined plant foods?
例如，那些吃大量植物的素食者比杂食者多摄入了大约8倍的木脂素，而那些吃了最多植物的纯素食者摄入的木脂素是最多的。
For example, those that eat lots of plants, vegetarians, have about 8 times the lignan intake of omnivores, and the one that ate the most plants, the vegan, was off the charts.
在培养皿中，木脂素不仅对人类乳腺癌细胞具有直接的抗癌生长活动，而且也阻止了它们的转移，因此最终进入了试验阶段。
Well in a petri dish, lignans were shown to not only have direct anticancer growth activity against human breast cancer cells, but also prevent their migration, so it was finally put to the test.
一项随机双盲安慰剂对照临床试验表明，亚麻籽是世界上木脂素浓度最高的来源，在乳腺癌患者中发现亚麻籽似乎有可能在几周内减少人乳腺肿瘤的生长。
A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial of flaxseeds, the world’s most concentrated source of lignans, in breast cancer patients found that flax appears to have the potential to reduce human breast tumor growth in just a matter of weeks.
所以我开始向乳腺癌患者推荐亚麻籽粉，但是把预防乳腺癌放在首位如何呢？
So I started recommending ground flax seeds to breast cancer patients, but what about preventing breast cancer in the first place?
同样，高木脂素摄入量与降低乳腺癌风险相关，但也许这只是说高植物性食物摄入量总体上有帮助。
Similarly, high lignan intake was associated with reduced breast cancer risk, but maybe that’s just saying high plant food intake help in general.
因此，他们为乳腺癌高风险妇女每天提供一茶匙亚麻籽粉，持续一年时间，而她们平均表现出癌症前期变化的风险下降。
So they gave women at high risk for breast cancer a teaspoon of ground flaxseeds a day for a year, and they showed, on average, a drop in precancerous changes.
但亚麻籽和乳腺癌本身呢？ 在实验环境之外，到目前为止，经常吃亚麻籽的妇女并不多。
But what about flax seeds and breast cancer itself? Outside of an experimental setting there just weren’t a lot of women eating flax seeds regularly to study, until now.
3000名患有乳腺癌的女性与3000名没有乳腺癌的女性比较，他们发现单独食用亚麻籽和亚麻籽面包，乳腺癌风险降低20-30％。
Matching 3,000 women with breast cancer to 3,000 women without, they found consumption of flaxseed alone, and of flax bread, was associated with a 20–30% reduction in breast cancer risk.
由于亚麻籽中含有大量木脂素，因此只需每日服用少量的亚麻籽即可达到所需木脂素水平，从而降低患乳腺癌的风险。
As flaxseeds are packed with lignans, only a small daily serving of flaxseed is required to attain the level of lignan intake associated with a reduction in breast cancer risk.
由于大多数妇女似乎并不消费亚麻籽，而且很少量的摄取就与可能降低乳腺癌风险相关，因此我们可能会考虑采取干预措施来增加亚麻籽消费量。
As it appears that most women do not consume flaxseed and that small amounts may be associated with reduced breast cancer risk, we might want to consider interventions to increase the prevalence of flaxseed consumption.
最新综述首先总结了亚麻籽与降低乳腺癌风险之间的关系，并可改善心理健康状况，以及降低乳腺癌患者的死亡率。
The latest review summarized the association between flax and decreased risk of breast cancer in the first place, better mental health, and lower mortality among breast cancer patients.
我知道的唯一一项关于亚麻籽和大脑健康的研究是探索100种常用药物和补充剂对老年人认知影响，发现亚麻是少数似乎有帮助的东西之一。
The only other study of flax and brain health I’m aware of was an exploration of 100 commonly used drugs and supplements on cognition in older adults, that found flax to be one of the few things that appeared to help.
就亚麻籽为何可能在预防和治疗乳腺癌方面发挥作用而言，有一种称为白细胞介素-1（interleukin-1）的炎症分子，可以帮助肿瘤进食，生长和侵入，所以我们的身体会产生白细胞介素-1受体抗体；它与IL-1受体结合并阻断IL-1的作用。
In terms of why flaxseeds may play a role in preventing and treating breast cancer, there’s an inflammatory molecule called interleukin-1, which may help tumors feed, grow, and invade, so our body produces an interkeukin-1 receptor antagonist; it binds to the IL-1 receptor and blocks the action of IL-1.
这种保护性抑制剂的活性可以通过药物他莫昔芬或通过吃亚麻籽来加强。
And the activity of this protective inhibitor can be boosted with the drug tamoxifen or by eating flax seeds.
在绝经前妇女中，白细胞介素-1的促炎症状可以通过饮食添加几勺亚麻籽粉来抵消。 一个月的亚麻籽能够使抗炎抑制剂水平增加50％以上，甚至比药物更好。
In premenopausal women, the pro-inflammatory profile of interleukin-1 could be counteracted by a dietary addition of a few spoonfuls of ground flax. One month of flax was able to increase the anti-inflammatory inhibitor levels by over 50%, better than even the drug.
是的，切除一个人的卵巢可能会降低多达60％的乳腺癌风险，但代价是严重的副作用。
Yes, having one’s ovaries removed may reduce breast cancer risk as much as 60%, but at the cost of severe side-effects.
药物他莫昔芬可使乳腺癌的发病率降低40％以上，但可能诱发其他严重的副作用，如子宫癌和血栓。
The drug tamoxifen may reduce the incidence of breast cancer by more than 40% but may induce other severe side effects such as uterine cancer and blood clots.
这就是为什么需要开发更少毒性，甚至安全的，乳腺癌预防策略（如饮食调整）的原因，并且由于最近的流行病学数据，亚麻籽中的这些木脂素植物雌激素可能是一条成功的途径。
That’s why less toxic, even safe, breast cancer preventive strategies such as diet modifications need to be developed, and these lignan phytoestrogens in flaxseeds may be one successful route because of very recent epidemiological data.
现在，木脂素不是预防乳腺癌的魔术弹 — 你不能只在培根芝士汉堡上撒上一些亚麻籽，但作为健康饮食和生活方式的一部分，它们可能有助于降低一般人群的乳腺癌风险。
Now lignans are not a magic bullet to prevent breast cancer — you can’t just sprinkle some flax on your bacon cheeseburger — but as a part of a healthy diet and life-style they might help to reduce breast cancer risk in the general population.
译者后记：现在资讯发达的时代，我们每天都被各种信息轰炸，要学会辨别信息的真实可靠性，是不是基于科学研究，文章有没有署名，或是出自哪里，以及参考的研究资料。不要被不实的信息所误导。
鉴于篇幅所限，老玉米未将参考文献列出，因为视频本身都是Michael Greger医生阅读了大量医学文献后的总结，但在 NutritionFacts.org上均有列出参考文献，需要的读者可自行去查阅。
关于编译者：老玉米是美国康奈尔大学坎贝尔营养研究中心《蔬食营养》证书持有者。老玉米的先生是美国内科医生（MD），也是位“蔬食医生”（Plantrician）。
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